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In the context of real estate transactions involving toxic substances, a seller's lack of knowledge about the presence of such substances typically means they are not liable for cleanup. Under many laws, including federal regulations like the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), a seller is generally not held responsible for conditions they were not aware of at the time of sale. This principle is rooted in the concept of "innocent landowner," which protects sellers who have no knowledge of hazardous materials on their property from liability.

However, liability can depend on various factors, including state regulations and specific circumstances surrounding the property. Therefore, while the seller may avoid cleanup responsibilities if they lacked knowledge, it's important for both buyers and sellers to conduct due diligence regarding environmental issues during real estate transactions to ensure all parties are adequately informed.

This understanding clarifies the responsibilities and potential legal implications of property ownership concerning toxic substances and emphasizes the importance of transparency and disclosure in real estate dealings.